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ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors
Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) have attracted scientific interest because of their unique spintronics properties with possible technological applications.〔J.K. Furdyna, J. Appl. Phys. 64, R29 (1988).〕〔H. Ohno, Science 281, 951 (1998)〕 Wide band-gap metal oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are among the best candidates for industrial DMS due to their multifunctionality in opticomagnetic applications. In particular, ZnO-based DMS with properties such as transparency in visual region and piezoelectricity have generated huge interest among the scientific community as a strong candidate for the fabrication of spin transistors and spin-polarized Light-emitting diodes.
==Theory==
Initially Dietl ''et al.''. predicted theoretically that room-temperature ferromagnetism should exist in heavily p-type doped ZnO using modified Zener model for magnetism.〔T. Dietl, H. Ohno, F. Matsukura, J. Cibert, and D. Ferrand, Science 287, 1019〕 Since magnetic Co is highly soluble in ZnO, ZnO:Co system soon became one of most studied DMSs for applications requiring ferromagnetism near room temperature.〔S.J. Pearton, C.R. Abernathy, M.E. Overberg, G.T. Thaler, D.P. Norton, N. Theodoropoulou, A.F. Hebard, Y.D. Park, F. Ren, J. Kim, and L.A. Boatner, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 1 (2003).〕 Some subsequent theoretical using Density functional theory (DFT),〔K. Sato and H. Katayama-Yoshida, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 39, L555 (2000).〕〔K. Sato and H. Katayama-Yoshida, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L334 (2001).〕 and experimental,〔K. Ueda, H. Tabata, and T. Kawai, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 988 (2001).〕〔W. Prellier, A. Fouchet, B. Mercey, Ch. Simon, and B. Raveau, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3490 (2003).〕 works show that n-type Co-doped ZnO also possesses room temperature ferromagnetism. ZnO doped with other transition metals (V, Mn, Fe and Cu) and lanthanides (from Eu to Tm) have also been studied.
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